By Lauren Cahoon
ScienceNOW Daily News
28 May 2008
X-Men fans rejoice: Wolverine has come to life, as a frog. When the comic book warrior faces a fight, metallic blades spring forth from his hand. A new study concludes that certain African frogs are similarly equipped, having sharp, claw-shaped bones that pierce through their own fingertips when the animal is threatened.More than 100 years ago, scientists observed the mysterious bony appendages in museum specimens of the Arthroleptidae frog family, but they had no idea what to make of them. Some speculated that the protrusions were an artifact of the preservation process. Harvard University biologists David Blackburn decided to solve the mystery once and for all after having the frequent misfortune of being injured by the amphibians while doing field research in Cameroon. “The frogs will start kicking and drag these claws against your skin,” he says. “I’ve gotten bloody scratches from them many a time.”
Due to strict government regulations on removing live animals from Cameroon, Blackburn’s team had to do their anatomical studies on preserved museum specimens. In addition to the talon-shaped finger bones others had seen, the researchers found a small bony nodule nestled in the tissue just beyond the frog’s fingertip. When sheathed, each claw is anchored to the nodule with tough strands of collagen, but, as Blackburn had discovered firsthand, when the frog is grabbed or attacked, the frog breaks the nodule connection and forces its sharpened bones through the skin.
This bizarre skeletal feature is found in only 12 species within the Arthroleptidae family,
Giant Peccary (Pecari maximus) has been discovered.
New Species Of Peccary — Pig-like Animal — Discovered In Amazon Region
ScienceDaily (Nov. 9, 2007) — Dutch biologist Marc van Roosmalen has discovered a new species of peccary, a member of the pig family, in the basin of the Rio Aripuanã in the south-eastern Amazon region. The divergence time from the already known peccary species (the time which has passed since the evolutionary division) has been set at one to 1.2 million years.
This species has been christened giant peccary (Pecari maximus) by the researchers on account of its size. The holotype of the species can be found in the museum of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) in Manaus. The giant peccary was known by the local Tupi Indians as Caitetú Mundè, which means ‘great peccary which lives in pairs’.
High Degree Of Antibiotic Resistance Found In Wild Arctic Birds
High Degree Of Antibiotic Resistance Found In Wild Arctic Birds
ScienceDaily (Jan. 15, 2008) — Swedish researchers report that birds captured in the hyperboreal tundra, in connection with the tundra expedition “Beringia 2005,” were carriers of antibiotics-resistant bacteria. These findings indicate that resistance to antibiotics has spread into nature, which is an alarming prospect for future health care.
The scientists took samples from 97 birds in northeastern Siberia, northern Alaska, and northern Greenland. These samples were cultivated directly in special laboratories that the researchers had installed onboard the icebreaker Oden and were further analyzed at the microbiological laboratory at the Central Hospital in Växjö, Sweden.
“We were extremely surprised,” says Björn Olsen, professor of infectious diseases at Uppsala University and at the Laboratory for Zoonosis Research at the University of Kalmar.
“We took samples from birds living far out on the tundra and had no contact with people. This further confirms that resistance to antibiotics has become a global phenomenon and that virtually no region of the earth, with the possible exception of the Antarctic, is unaffected.”
The researchers’ hypothesis is that immigrating birds have passed through regions in Southeast Asia, for example, where there is a great deal of antibiotics pressure and carried with them the resistant bacteria to the tundra.
“We already knew that birds in the Western world can be carriers of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, but it’s alarming to find that these bacteria exist among birds out on the tundra,” says Jonas Bonnedahl, a physician infectious specializing in infectious diseases in Kalmar and one of those participating in the expedition.
“Our findings show that resistance to antibiotics is not limited to society and hospitals but is now spreading into the wild. Escalating resistance to antibiotics over the last few years has crystallized into one of the greatest threats to well-functioning health care in the future.”
This research is published in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Adapted from materials provided by Uppsala University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Tasmanian Tiger gene inserted into mouse, will NOT allow dinosaur cloning
Extinct Tasmanian tiger gene brought back to life: scientists
by Lawrence Bartlett Tue May 20, 3:14 AM ET
SYDNEY (AFP) – Scientists said Tuesday they had “resurrected” a gene from the extinct Tasmanian tiger by implanting it in a mouse, raising the future possibility of bringing animals such as dinosaurs back to life.
In what they describe as a world first, researchers from Australian and US universities extracted a gene from a preserved specimen of the doglike marsupial — formally known as a thylacine — and revived it in a mouse embryo.
“This is the first time that DNA from an extinct species has been used to induce a functional response in another living organism,” said research leader Andrew Pask of the University of Melbourne.
The announcement was hailed here as raising the possibility of recreating extinct animals.
Mike Archer, dean of science at the University of New South Wales who led an attempt to clone the thylacine when he was director of the Australian Museum, called it “one very significant step in that direction.”
“I’m personally convinced this is going to happen,” he told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “I’ve got another group working on another extinct Australian animal and we think this is highly probable.”
Pask told AFP in a telephone interview that while recreating extinct animals might be possible one day, it could not be done with the technique his team used on the Tasmanian tiger.
“We can look at the function of one gene within that animal. Most animals have about 30,000 genes,” he said.
“We hope that with advances in techniques that maybe one day that might be possible, but certainly as science stands at the moment, we are not able to do that, unfortunately.
“We’ve now created a technique people can use to look at the function of DNA from any extinct species, so you could use it from mammoth or Neanderthal man or even dinosaurs if there’s some intact DNA there.”
The last known Tasmanian tiger, which took its name from the Australian island and the stripes on its back, died in captivity in the Hobart Zoo in 1936, having been hunted to extinction in the wild in the early 1900s.
Some thylacine pups and adult tissues were preserved in alcohol, however, and the research team used specimens from the Museum Victoria in Melbourne.
“The research team isolated DNA from 100-year-old ethanol-fixed specimens,” the scientists said in a statement.
“After authenticating this DNA as truly thylacine, it was inserted into mouse embryos and its function examined.
“The thylacine DNA was resurrected, showing a function in the developing mouse cartilage, which will later form the bone.”
The results were due to be published in the international scientific journal PLoS ONE on Tuesday.
“This research has enormous potential for many applications including the development of new biomedicines and gaining a better understanding of the biology of extinct animals,” said co-researcher Richard Behringer of the University of Texas.
At a time when extinction rates are increasing the discovery is critical, said senior author Marilyn Renfree of the University of Melbourne.
“For those species that have already become extinct, our method shows that access to their genetic biodiversity may not be completely lost,” she said.
But Renfree also cautioned that the recreation of extinct animals was not the aim of the research.
“Maybe one day this might be possible but it won’t happen in my lifetime,” she told AFP. “It might happen in my children’s lifetime, but there’s so many steps we need to achieve before you could actually make this work.”
The prospect of bringing extinct animals back to life caught the public imagination after Steven Spielberg’s 1993 film “Jurassic Park,” based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton.
In that story, dinosaurs are cloned from genetic material found in mosquitoes that had sucked their blood before becoming preserved in amber. The dinosaurs then wreak havoc.
Whale River
Dead whale found in river, scientists puzzled
Young beluga was hundreds of miles from oceanFriday, June 16, 2006; Posted: 1:39 p.m. EDT (17:39 GMT)
ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — Scientists are mystified by the carcass of a young beluga whale found in a river in central Alaska, nearly 1,000 miles from its natural ocean habitat.
The first guess is the 8-foot-long whale, which often feed on fish in estuaries and the mouths of rivers, swam away from the ocean in search of food.
“What are the alternatives?” asked Link Olson, a curator at the University of Alaska Museum of the North.
It was highly unlikely that someone was perpetrating a hoax along a remote section of river with a whale carcass, he said.
“If you were ever close to a dead marine mammal, even for a few hours, you would know why no one in their right mind would do that.”
Canoeists found the whale June 9 on the Tanana River about 40 miles southwest of Fairbanks.
Sylvia Brunner, a marine mammals researcher at the museum in Fairbanks, identified the decomposing carcass and oversaw its recovery on Wednesday.
The “bloated, black thing on the beach” was about 12 feet from the river’s edge, she said.
It could have died in the river last fall and frozen during the winter, Brunner said. On the other hand, the whale could have entered the river this spring seeking fish heading for the ocean.
“When you get a carcass like that, there are a lot of unanswered questions,” she said.
The carcass was taken to the museum, where it will be “cleaned and prepared as a full skull and skeleton and we will preserve tissue samples,” Olson said.
Belugas are toothed whales and belong to the same group as sperm whales, killer whales, dolphins, and porpoises, according to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
He's got those shrimpy eyes…
Weird Shrimp Has Astounding Vision
ScienceDaily (May 15, 2008) — A Swiss marine biologist and an Australian quantum physicist have found that a species of shrimp from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, can see a world invisible to all other animals.
Dr Sonja Kleinlogel and Professor Andrew White have shown that mantis shrimp not only have the ability to see colours from the ultraviolet through to the infrared, but have optimal polarisation vision — a first for any animal and a capability that humanity has only achieved in the last decade using fast computer technology.
“The mantis shrimp is a delightfully weird beastie,” said Professor White, of the University of Queensland. “They’re multi-coloured, their genus and species names mean ‘mouth-feet’ and ‘genital-fingers’; they can move each eye independently, they see the world in 11 or 12 primary colours as opposed to our humble three, and now we find that this species can see a world invisible to the rest of us.”
Dr Kleinlogel, is based at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics in Frankfurt, and collected the shrimp from the reef. She notes that, “…scuba divers know them as ‘thumb-splitters’, they’ve got wickedly strong claws and are very aggressive!”